Certain carbanate anti-cancer agents

ABSTRACT

The present invention is concerned with novel anticancer agents having potent antineoplastic activity without systemic toxicity and mutagenicity. The novel anticancer agents of the present invention are derivatives of formula I: ##STR1## wherein: A is O or NH; and 
     B is an aryl group selected from the group consisting of phenyl, indane, fluorene, indazole, indole, and pyridine, the aryl group being substituted with at least one substituent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C 1-16  alkyl optionally substituted with one or more OH or SH, lower alkoxy, C 3-6  cycloallyl, lower alkylthio, nitro, cyano, lower alkene, lower alkyne, OH, SH, carboxy lower alkyl, carboxy lower alkyl esters, amino, N-lower alkyl, N,N-dilower alkyl and halogen; or a prodrug thereof, with the provisos that when A is NH and B is phenyl: 
     a) B is substituted with at least one substituent other than hydrogen; 
     b) B is not: 
     1) mono-substituted in the 4 position with C 1-2  alkyl, tert-butyl or n-butyl halogen, OH, carboxy C 0-3  alkyl, (CH 2 ) 3  COOCH 3 , cyano, acetyl and methylthio; and 
     2) substituted with one or two identical substituents selected from the group consisting of methyl halogen, nitro, methoxy, carboxy and C 0-3  alkyl COOH, the remaining substituents being hydrogen atoms.

CROSS-REFERENCE

This is a divisional of application Ser. No. 08/369,584, filed Jan. 6, 1995, which application(s) are incorporated herein by reference now U.S. Pat. No. 5,530,026.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Chemotherapeutic agents currently used for antitumor therapy are selected for their toxicity towards rapidly proliferating cells. Most of them cause undesirable systemic effects such as cardiac or renal toxicity, marrow aplasia, alopecia, nausea and vomiting. During the last few years, many authors have tried to eliminate these side effects by developing drugs having suitable physico-chemical properties allowing an increase of the availability of the drug to the tumors site. New molecules extracted from natural sources, synthetically or semi-synthetically produced, enzymes, radioisotopes, DNA toxins, various macromolecules, and antibodies against fibrin or against tumor-specific surface antigens are bound to drugs in an attempt to increase selectivity of the chemotherapeutic agents.

It is recognized that the ideal antineoplastic or anticancer drug would destroy cancer cells without adverse effects or toxicities on normal cells, but such drug has yet to be discovered. However, despite the narrow therapeutic index of many drugs, treatment and even cure are possible in some patients.

Chlorambucil and carmustine are commonly used antineoplastic agents from respectively the class of nitrogen mustards and nitrosoureas. They can be administered orally or intravenously, but these drugs cause nausea, vomiting, alopecia, lymphopenia, leucopenia and bone marrow depression. Their biological half-life is short (approximately 1-1.5 h) with a high percentage bound to plasma proteins (over 90%). Both nitrogen mustard and nitrosourea derivatives are extensively metabolized, yielding active and inactive metabolites.

Nitrogen mustard and nitrosourea derivatives are particularly effective in treating Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. In fact, they are among the most active synthetic molecules ever synthesized. Indeed, chlorambucil is used at doses up to 6 mg/m² and carmustine is active in primary brain tumors because it crosses easily the blood brain barrier at low doses.

In J. Med Chem, 1966. 9, 892-910, Johnston et al. discloses several N-nitrosoureas as potential anti-cancer agents. Corresponding urea derivatives were mainly used as intermediates for the synthesis of the nitrosoureas. Among the urea derivatives tested in vitro, non of them showed activity. Other examples of antitumor agents of the same family are disclosed in Clinical and Invest. Med, 1985, 49 (Gaudreault et al.); J. Pharm. Science; 1988, 77, 185 (Gaudreault et al.); Anticancer Research, 1988)595 (Gaudreault et al.); and J. Med Chem., 1963 6, 669 (Johnston et al).

The effectiveness of most anticancer agents is greatly reduced because of their high toxicity and the nature of the illness. It is believed that the problem of high toxicity of the anticancer agents can be circumvented by chemical modifications of those structures in such a way that they act more specifically on tumor cells without increasing systemic toxicity.

The research in this field is therefore mainly directed to the synthesis of anticancer agents which would possess high antineoplastic activity, low systemic toxicity and low mutagenicity on normal cells. Preferably, such anticancer agents would possess an extended shelf life without experiencing polymerization or decomposition problems, and could be handled by anyone having minimal knowledge of this subject. Finally, such anticancer agents would be prepared easily in large quantities.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In accordance with the present invention, there is now provided novel anticancer agents which have potent antineoplastic activity without systemic toxicity and mutagenicity. The novel anticancer agents of the present invention are compounds of formula I: ##STR2## wherein: A is O or NH; and

B is an aryl group selected from the group consisting of phenyl indane, fluorene, indazole, indole, and pyridine, the aryl group being substituted with at least one substituent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C₁₋₁₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more OH or SH, lower alkoxy, C₃₋₆ cycloalryl, lower alkylthio, nitro, cyano, lower alkene, lower alkyne, OH, SH, carboxy lower alkyl carboxy lower alkyl esters, amino, N-lower alkyl, N,N-dilower alkyl and halogen; or a prodrug thereof, with the provisos that when A is NH and B is phenyl:

a) B is substituted with at least one substituent other than hydrogen;

b) B is not:

1) mono-substituted in the 4 position with C₁₋₂ alkyl, tert-butyl or n-butyl, halogen, OH, carboxy C₀₋₃ alkyl, (CH₂)₃ COOCH₃, cyano, acetyl and methylthio; and

2) substituted with one or two identical substituents selected from the group consisting of methyl, halogen, nitro, methoxy, carboxy and C₀₋₃ alkyl COOH, and the remaining substituents being hydrogen atoms.

These compounds are useful in treating cancer tumors, and show a significant increase of pharmacological activity and a major decrease of toxicity when compared to known nitrogen mustard and nitrosourea currently in use. The compounds of the present invention are also highly stable at room temperature, do not decompose and are conveniently and easily prepared at low costs by a simple process.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The compounds of the present invention are easily synthesized in good yields without polymerization or decomposition. They are also easily purified by usual crystallization or liquid chromatography. Furthermore, they are not decomposed in the presence of air, at room temperature, which means that their shelf life is extended.

The type and level of activity for a given dosage of each compound can be conventionally determined by routine experimentation using well known pharmacological protocols for each of the activities. The corresponding indications treatable at that dosage will be readily appreciated by skilled workers based on the pharmacological results.

As an example of prodrug for the compounds of the present invention, there may be mentioned the sulfone and sulfoxide derivatives of alkylthio substituents. The sulfone and sulfoxide derivatives are generally not active as such, but once administered, they are reduced to yield the corresponding alkylthio, which is active as an anticancer agent. Preparation of compounds of formula I ##STR3##

If A is NH, an amine derivative of formula II wherein B is as defined above is reacted with an isocyanate of formula IV in anhydrous ether under nitrogen atmosphere at room temperature for 2 to 16 hours or until the disappearance on thin layer chromatography (TLC) of the starting amine of formula II. The solid residue obtained is filtered and dried in vacuo, the filtrate is evaporated under reduced pressure, and the solid remaining therein is also dried in vacuo. Both solids are independently recrystallized with suitable organic solvents and the final crystals are pooled after evaluation of their purity by chromatography, IR, ¹ H NMR and MS. Where the crystallization is difficult, a purification by column chromatography on silica gel may be required prior to the final crystallization. The compounds of formula I wherein A is NH are finally dehydrated in vacuo for several hours.

If A is O the compounds of formula I are obtain by reacting an alcohol of formula III with isocyanate IV in pyridine for about 3 hours at room temperature. It should be noted that pyridine can be replaced with ether containing 15 mmoles of triethylamine. The solvent is evaporated and the residue is washed with cold ethanol or ether before being recrystallised in ethanol containing 0.1% of acetic acid to lead to the desired product.

Following the procedures of the present invention, the following compounds of formula I wherein A is NH have been prepared:

    __________________________________________________________________________      ##STR4##                                                                      Nature and Positions of Substitutions                                          Product                                                                        Number                                                                             2     3    4          5     6                                              __________________________________________________________________________     1              (CH.sub.2).sub.3 CH.sub.2 OH                                    2         ethyl                                                                3              propyl                                                          4              isopropyl                                                       5              sec-butyl                                                       6              n-pentyl                                                        7              n-hexyl                                                         8              cyclohexyl                                                      9              n-heptyl                                                        10             n-octyl                                                         11             n-decyl                                                         12             n-dodecyl                                                       13             n-hexadecyl                                                     14        ethoxy                                                               15             pentoxy                                                         16             hexyloxy                                                        17  methyl     methyl           methyl                                         18  ethyl                                                                      19  ethyl      ethyl                                                           20  propyl                                                                     21  isopropyl                   isopropyl                                      22  isopropyl                   methyl                                         23  tert-butyl            tert-butyl                                           24  methoxy               methyl                                               25  methoxy                     methyl                                         26  methyl                methoxy                                              27  methyl     methoxy                                                         28  ethoxy                                                                     29             ethoxy                                                          30             butoxy                                                          31             Cl(CH.sub.2).sub.2 NHC(O)NH                                     32  OH                                                                         33        OH                                                                   34  CN                                                                         35             (CH.sub.2).sub.2 CH.sub.2 OH                                    36             CH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 OH                                            37             (CH.sub.2).sub.3 CH.sub.2 OOCCH.sub.3                           38             (CH.sub.2).sub.2 CH.sub.2 OOCCH.sub.3                           39             SCH.sub.2 CH.sub.3                                              __________________________________________________________________________

The following compounds of formula I wherein A is O have been prepared.

    ______________________________________                                          ##STR5##                                                                      Nature and Positions of Substitutions                                          Product                                                                        Number                                                                               2         3        4       5     6                                       ______________________________________                                         40                       nitro                                                 41              methoxy                                                        42    methoxy                                                                  43                       methoxy                                               44    methoxy                          methoxy                                 45    methoxy   methoxy                                                        46              methyl                                                         47              methyl   nitro                                                 48                       methyl                                                49    methyl                                                                   50              methyl   methyl                                                51    methyl                           methyl                                  52    methyl    methyl           methyl                                        53                       tert-butyl                                            54    tert-butyl                                                               55    allyl                                                                    56                       isopropyl                                             57              isopropyl                                                      58    isopropyl                                                                59                       butoxy                                                60                       acetamido                                             61              acetamido                                                      62                       Cl                                                    63              Cl                                                             64    Cl                                                                       65                       F                                                     66              F                                                              67    F                                                                        ______________________________________                                    

The experimental evidence provided below indicates that the pharmacological activity of the compounds of the present invention are significantly more cytotoxic than the nitrogen mustard chlorambucil used as standard. The derivatives tested are stable at room temperature for several months without any detectable decomposition or decrease of cytotoxic activity. The procedure of preparation is simple, reproducible and most reagents are commercially available.

The present invention will be more readily understood by referring to the following examples which are given to illustrate the invention rather than to limits its scope.

EXAMPLE I Preparation of 4-{p- 3-(2-chloroethyl)ureido!phenyl}butanol ##STR6## (p-Nitrophenyl)butyric Acid

4-phenylbutyric acid (1; 20 g) is dissolved in 140 mL of concentrated nitric acid. The resulting solution is stirred at room temperature for 6 h and subsequently poured onto 500 g of crushed ice to yield a yellow solid. The 4-nitrophenyl isomer 2 is recrystallized from isopropyl alcohol at 4° C. (yield 22%, mp 92°-93° C.). Upon further cooling of the etheral solution (-20° C.), the 4-nitrophenyl isomer 3 separated as pale yellow crystals (yield 50%, mp 58°-59° C.).

4-(p-nitirophenyl)butanol

Borane:THF complex (BH₃ :THF, 33.3 mmoles) is slowly added over a period of 15 minutes to a cooled solution (0° C., ice bath) of 4-(p-nitrophenyl)butanol (2.5 mmoles) dissolved in 12.5 mL of anhydrous THF. The solution is then further stirred for 2 hours at room temperature. The excess of BH₃ :THF complex is destroyed with the addition of 10 mL of water, and the resulting solution is subsequently saturated with potassium carbonate, the organic phase is separated, and the aqueous portion extracted with with 3×30 mL of ether. The organic solutions are pooled, washed with 3×30 mL of sodium carbonate 2N, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and evaporated under reduced pressure to provide a yellow oily residue: yield 90%; IR:3350 (OH),1560,1360 (NO₂) cm⁻¹ ; ¹ H NMR (CDCl₃): 8.3-7.3 (dd, 4p, ArH p-substituted), 3.65 (t, 2p, ArCH₂), 2.82 (t, 2p, CH₂ OH), 2.24 (s, 1p, CH₂ OH), 1.85 (q, 2p, ArCH₂ CH₂), 1.45 (q, 2p, CH₂ CH₂ OH).

4-(p-aminophenyl)butanol

A mixture of ethanol 99% and cyclohexene (3:1 v/v) containing 4-(p-nitrophenyl)butanol (2.5 mmoles) and 10% Pd/C (5 mmolar equivalent) is refluxed for 16-18 h, filtered over silica gel column (5×15 cm²) to remove the palladium on carbon. The column is washed with 50 ethanol 99% and the organic solution is evaporated under reduced pressure to provide a yellow oily product (yield 95%), readily used for the preparation of 4-{p- 3-(2-chloroethyl)ureido!phenyl}butanol without any further purification.

4-{p- 3-(2-chloroethyl)ureido!phenyl}butanol

To a solution of 4-(p-amino phenyl)butanol (2 g in 125 mL of ethyl ether) is added dropwise 1.25 g of 2-chloroethyl isocyanate. This solution is stirred for 3 h at room temperature, cooled at -20° C., and filtered. A white solid of 4-{p- 3-(2-chloroethyl)ureido!phenyl}butanol is separated and recrystallized from ethanol (white flakes), yield 55%, mp 123°-124° C., IR (KBr pellet): 3300 (NH), 1730 (C═O, ester), and 1640 cm⁻¹ (C═O, ureido); ¹ H NMR (DMSO-d₆): 8.65 (s, 1p, ArNH), 7.4-7.0 (dd, 4p, p-substituted Ar), 6.4 (broad t, 1p, NHCH₂), 3.7-3.4 (m, 6p, ArCH₂ and NHCH₂ CH₂ Cl), 2.85 (t, 2p, CH₂ OH), 2.3 (s, 1p, CH₂ OH), 1.85 (q, 2p CH₂ CH₂ CH₂), 1.45 (q, 2p, CH ₂ CH₂ OH)

EXAMPLE II Preparation or sec-butyl-4-{p- 3-(2-chloroethyl)ureido}benzene ##STR7##

To a solution of 2 g of sec-butyl aniline, 7 in 125 mL of anhydrous ethyl ether is added dropwise, 1.25 g of 2-chloroethyl isocyanate, 5. This solution is stirred for 6 h at room temperature, cooled at -20° C., and filtered. A brownish solid separated and was recrystallized from ethanol. Yield 80%, mp 89°-9l° C., IR (KBr pellet): 3300 (NH), 1730 (C═O, ester), and 1640 cm⁻¹ (C═O, ureido); ¹ H NMR (DMSO-d₆ : CDCl₃): 7.791 ppm (s, 1p, ArNH); 7.232 ppm, 7.190 ppm, 7.016 ppm, 6.974 ppm (m, 4p, ArH); 6.053 ppm (t, 1p, CONH); 3.578 ppm, 3.562 ppm, 3.540 ppm, 3.516 ppm, 3.496 ppm, 3.472 ppm (m, 4p, CH₂ CH₂ Cl); 2.516 ppm, 2.481 ppm, 2.446 ppm, 2.411 ppm (m, 1p, CH₃ --CH); 1.557 ppm, 1.520 ppm, 1.483 ppm, 1.447 ppm, 1.411 ppm (m, 2p, CH₃ --CH--CH₂ --CH₃), 1.145 ppm, 1.110 ppm (d, 3p, CHhd 3--CH--CH₂ CH₃); 0.772 ppm, 0.737 ppm, 0.699 ppm (t, 3p, CH₃ --CH--CH₂ --CH₃).

EXAMPLE III Preparation of 4- p- 3-(2-chloroethyl)ureido!phenyl ethanol

This compound was prepared according to the process of Example 2, except that 4-(p-amino phenyl)ethanol was used. Yield 65%, M.P. 127°-128° C., IR (KBr pellet) 3300 (OH), 1660 (C═O ureido) cm⁻¹ ¹ H NMR (CDCl₃) 8.5 (s, 1p, ArNH), 7.6-7.2 (dd, A₂ B₂ system for p-substituted ArH), 6.4 (broad t, 1p, NHCH₂), 3.9-3.6 (m, 6p, ArCH₂ and CH₂ CH₂ CI), 3.0 (t, 2p, CH₂ OH), 2.75 (s, 1p,CH₂ OH).

EXAMPLE IV Preparation of Isopropyl4-(p- 3-(2-chloroethyl)ureido benzene

This compound was prepared according to the process of Example 2, except that isopropyl aniline was used instead of sec-butyl aniline. Yield 65%, R (KBr pellet) 3400, 3310; 1650; 1220, 680 cm⁻¹, ¹ H NMR (CDCl₃) 7.87 ppm, 7.15-7.00, 6.05 ppm, 3.45 ppm, 2.7 ppm, 1.11-1.07 ppm.

EXAMPLE V Preparation of 2- 3-(2chloroethyl)ureido!fluorene

To a solution of 2 g of 2-aminofluorene in 125 mL of anhydrous ethyl ether is added dropwise 1.25 g of 2-chloroethyl isocyanate. This solution is stirred for 16 h at room temperature, cooled at -20° C., and filtered. A white solid separated and was recrystallized from ethanol (white flakes), yield 40%, mp 206°-208° C., IR (KBr pellet): 3300 (NH), 1730 (C═O, ester), and 1640 cm⁻¹ (C═O, ureido); ¹ H NMR (DMSO-d₆ : CDCl₃): 8.08 ppm, 7.44 ppm, 7.35 ppm, 7.3 ppm, 7.27 ppm, 7.25 ppm, 7.16 ppm, 7.13 ppm, 7.02 ppm, 6.97 ppm, 6.96 ppm, 6.94 ppm, 6.93 ppm, 6.9 ppm, 6.87 ppm, 6.8 ppm, 3.5 ppm, 3.36 ppm, 3.33 ppm, 3.3 ppm, 3.25 ppm, 3.23 ppm, 3.2 ppm, 2.85 ppm.

EXAMPLE VI Preparation of 5- 3-(2-chloroethyl)ureido!indane

To a solution of 2 g of 5-aminoindane in 125 mL of anhydrous ethyl ether was added dropwise, 1.25 g of 2-chloroethyl isocyanate. This solution is stirred for 16 h at room temperature, cooled at -20° C., and filtered. A white solid separated and was recrystallized from ethanol (white flakes), yield 40%, mp 155°-157° C., IR (KBr pellet): 3300 (NH), 1730 (C═O, ester), and 1640 cm⁻¹ (C═O, ureido); ¹ H NMR (DMSO-d₆ : CDCl₃): 6.96 ppm, 3.52 ppm, 3.49 ppm, 3.46 ppm, 3.43 ppm, 2.74 ppm, 2.72 ppm, 1.93 ppm. In this spectrum hydrogen present on NH groups have exchanged with the presence of DMSO-d₆.

EXAMPLE VII Preparation of 6- 3-(2-chloroethyl)ureido!indazole

To a solution of 2 g of 6-aminoindazole in 125 mL of anhydrous ethanol is added, in a dropwise manner, 1.25 g of 2chloroethyl isocyanate. This solution is stirred for 16 h at room temperature, cooled at -20° C., and filtered. A white solid separated and was recrystallized from ethanol, yield 30%, mp 253°-258° C. ¹ H NMR (DMSO-d₆ : CDCl₃): 8.12 ppm, 7.56 ppm, 7.44 ppm, 7.25 ppm, 7.12 ppm, 7.08 ppm, 6.43 ppm, 6.39 ppm, 6.01 ppm, 5.98 ppm, 5.96 ppm, 3.42 ppm, 3.4 ppm, 3.39 ppm, 3.54 ppm, 3.26 pm, 3.23 ppm, 3.2 ppm, 3.17 ppm, 3.14 ppm, 3.12 ppm, 3.09 ppm, 3.05 ppm, 3.04 ppm, 3.04 ppm.

EXAMPLE VIII Preparation of 5- 3-(2-chloroethyl)ureido! 4,6-dimethyl pyridine

To a solution of 2 g of 2-amino 4, 6-dimethyl pyridine in 125 mL of anhydrous ethyl acetate is added dropwise 1.25 g of 2-chloroethyl isocyanate. This solution was stirred for 16 h at room temperature, cooled at -20° C., and filtered. A white solid separated and was recrystallized from methanol and the final product washed with ether (white powder), yield 67%, mp 122°-124° C. ¹ H NMR (DMSO-d₆ : CDCl₃): 9.93 ppm, 6.42 ppm, 3.65 ppm, 3.63 ppm, 3.6 ppm, 3.59 ppm, 3.51 ppm, 2.27 ppm, 2.11 ppm.

EXAMPLE IX Preparation of 5- 3-(2-chloroethyl)ureido!indole

To a solution of 2 g of 5-aminoindole in 125 mL of anhydrous acetone is added dropwise 1.25 g of 2-chloroethyl isocyanate. This solution was stirred for 16 h at room temperature, cooled at -20° C., and filtered. The solvent is evaporated and the residue was crystallized from methanol and washed with ether to give a brownish solid, yield 30%, mp 159°-161° C.

EXAMPLE X Preparation of 4-nitro phenyl N-(2chloroethyl) carbamate

12 mmoles of 2-chloroethyl isocyanate were slowly added to 10 mmoles of 4-nitrophenol dissolved in 40 ml of anhydrous pyridine and maintained at 20° C. The mixture was stirred at 20° C. for 3 hours. The solution was evaporated in vacuo and the residue washed several times with cold ethanol and cold ether. The residue was dried in vacuo and recrystallized from ethanol 95% containing 0.1% of acetic acid. Yield 80%, melting point 92°-93° C., ¹ H NMR (CDCl₃) 8.0-7.16 ppm (dd, A₂ B₂, 4 p, ArH substituted in 1,4 positions); 5.44 (singlet, 1p, NHCH₂); 3.64 (singlet, 4p, NHCH₂ CH₂ CI). Pyridine can be replaced with a mixture of anhydrous ether containing 15 mmoles of triethylamine, in order to avoid the use of noxious and toxic pyridine.

Cell Lines

Cells lines are used to show that the compounds of the present invention are potent cytotoxic agents and active on various normal and tumor cell lines. As suitable cell lines there may be mentioned: human adenocarcinoma cells (CRL-229, LoVo), human ovarian carcinoma cells (CRL-1572), human breast cancer cells (MDA-MB-231), normal mouse breast cells (HC-11), mouse leukaemia cells (CCL-46, P388D₁), mouse leukaemia (CCL-219, L1210), CRL-1427, human promonocyte U937 and the like. Most of these cell lines are readily available from the American Type Culture Collection. Cells lines: 0-23, 0-23 clone 2.2, LR-73, LR-73 MDR-3, T47D and T47D (GST), having developed resistance to antineoplastic agents through different mechanisms of resistance were also tested in the same manner.

All cell lines are cultured by a standard procedure in RPMI-1640®medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 100 ,pg/mL of penicillin and 100 μg/mL of streptomycin.

In vitro cytotoxicity

In order to evaluate the efficiency of the compounds of formula I, the following experiments are carried out. Cytotoxicity assays are conducted on LoVo, MDA-MB-231 and P388D₁ cells. The choice of these cells has been motivated by the fact that they have been specifically identified as the cause of a large number of cancer in North America in the recent years.

Tumor cells are obtained from the American Type Culture Collection. The cells are suspended at a concentration of 2.5×10⁴ cells/mL in a fresh culture media (RPMI-1640, supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum). The well plates (microtitration, 96 wells) are seeded with 100 μL of the cell suspension and incubated 24 hours at 37° C. in a humid atmosphere containing 5% CO₂.100 μL of fresh culture media containing different concentrations of drugs to be tested (1 to 25 μM) are added in 8 wells of each plate, and the cells are further incubated for 3 additional days at 37° C. under the same conditions. Each experiment is conducted in triplicate. Cell survival is determined by MTT method, as taught in J. Immunol Methods, 1986, 89, 271 (Denizot et al.) and Int. J. Immunopharm, 1988. 10, 785 (Page et al). The method mainly consisted of a first removal of the culture media and addition to the plates of 20 μL of a MTT solution (5 mg/mL in PBS pH 7.4). The plates are incubated at 37° C. for 4 hours and then 200 μL of dimethylsuffoxide (DMSO) area added into the wells. The plates are agitated for 15 min at room temperature and the absorbance at 540 nm measured on Titertek MC Multiwell® spectrophotometer.

The method normally used by the American National Cancer Institute for the comparison of effectiveness between drugs is based upon ID₅₀. The ID₅₀ is the concentration at which half of tumor cell population is killed. A comparison of the antitumor agents of the present invention with chlorambucil, which is presently used commercially, is provided to illustrate the superiority of the former. The results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.

                  TABLE 1                                                          ______________________________________                                         ID.sub.50 of products deriving from examples V, VI, VII, VII, IX               on various cancer cell lines                                                           ID.sub.50 (μM) on                                                           tumor cells                                                            Example No.                                                                              LoVo       MDA-MB-231 P388D.sub.1                                    ______________________________________                                         V         5           4         4                                              VI        5           7         7                                              VII       31         29         76                                             VIII      --         50         --                                             IX        --         70         --                                             ______________________________________                                    

                  TABLE 2                                                          ______________________________________                                                    ID.sub.50 (μM)                                                                            ID.sub.50 (μM)                                                                       ID.sub.50 (μM)                            Compound   (MDA-MB-231)  (LoVo)   (P388 D.sub.1)                               ______________________________________                                          2         7.8           3.5      7                                             3         12            9.8      11                                            4         2             1.3      2.2                                           5         2.2           1.6      2.4                                           6         6             5.5      7.0                                           7         7.3           6.2      7.9                                           8         29            22       22                                            9         16            15       18                                           10         33            29       32                                           14         33            35       42                                           15         22            16       28                                           16         22            16       17                                           39         17            --       --                                           40         10            7        8.2                                          47         7.5           7.2      8                                            50         40            30       40                                           63         8.5           7.5      5                                            Chlorambucil                                                                              11            9        6.7                                          ______________________________________                                    

Though the inventors have chosen a given method for evaluating the in vitro cytotoxicity of the compounds of the present invention, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that any other conventional method can be used for that purpose.

Mutagenicity assay

The mutagenicity assay was performed with the Ames test as taught in Mutation Research, 1983, 113, 173-215. Briefly, 500 μL of the drug to be tested are dissolved in DMSO, 500 μL of S9 mix (obtained from rat liver stimulated with arochlor) or phosphate buffer and 100 μL of either TA-97, TA-98, TA-100 or TA-102 S. thyphimuiium strains (1×108 bacteria) were mixed with 2 ml of top agar. The medium was poured onto the dish containing 30 ml of minimal glucose agar. Chlorambucil, CCNU, compound 5 was tested in duplicate at 50, 125, 250, 375 and 500 μg/dish. Dishes were incubated for two days at 370° C. and revertant colonies counted with a Biotran III counter.

Toxicity assay

Chlorambucil and compound 36 of the present invention were dissolved in DMSO. Each drug solution was mixed with hydrogenated soybean oil in a ratio 1:9 v/v. 100 μL of this mixture was administered i.p. to BDF₁ (C57BL/6×DBA/2) mice. For each concentration of drug, varying from 9.25 to 75 mg/kg for chlorambucil or from 9.25 to 296 mg/kg for compound 36, 6 mice were treated. Survival weight and fitness were measured as criteria of toxicity. The results are provided in Table 3.

                                      TABLE 3                                      __________________________________________________________________________     STUDY ON THE ACUTE TOXICITY OF UREA                                            DERIVATIVES OF THE INVENTION ON SWISS MICE                                     product                                                                            9.25 18.5                                                                               37  75   111 148 222  296                                         number                                                                             mg/kg                                                                               mg/kg                                                                              mg/kg                                                                              mg/kg                                                                               mg/kg                                                                              mg/kg                                                                              mg/kg                                                                               mg/kg                                       __________________________________________________________________________     chloram                                                                            6/6  6/6 6/6 0/6  --  --  --   --                                          bucil                                                                          36  6/6  6/6 6/6 6/6  6/6 6/6 6/6  6/6                                         __________________________________________________________________________

Antineoplastic assay

L1210 leukaemia cells suspended in RPM1-1640 were washed, centrifuged and re-suspended in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) at a concentration of 5×10⁵ cells/mL. 200 μL of the suspension were injected i.p. to BDF₁ mice. From day 1 to day 9, mice were treated daily according to the NCI procedure taught in Protocols for screening chemical agents and natural products against animal tumors and other biological systems (3^(rd) edition). Cancer Chem. Rep. Part 3 3 (2): 1-103) with i.p. injections of 10 μL of drug solution in DMSO mixed with 90 μL of hydrogenated soybean oil. Chlorambucil was tested at 1, 5 and 10 mg/kg/day and compounds 36 and 4 at 1, 10 and 50 mg/kg/day. For each concentration, six mice were treated. Control groups were treated i.p. with 100 μL of hydrogenated soybean oil containing 10% (v/v) DMSO.

The antineoplastic activity of a drug on mice bearing cancer tumors is evaluated by a value known in the art as the median survival time (T/C %). This value of T/C % is obtained by dividing the median survival time of treated mice by that of untreated mice, and the quotient is multiplied by 100. When the value of T/C % is lower than 85, the drug is considered toxic. On the other hand, a survival time greater than 125 indicates a significant antineoplastic action of the drug on cancer tumors. In the above experiment, chlorambucil, compounds 36 and 4 had a T/C % of 160, 140 and 164 respectively, at 10 mg/kg.

While the invention has been described in connection with specific embodiments thereof, it will be understood that it is capable of further modifications and this application is intended to cover any variation, uses, adaptations of the invention following, in general, the principles of the invention and including such departures from the present disclosure as come within known and customary practice within the art to which the invention pertains and as may be applied to the essential features hereinbefore set forth, and as follows in the scope of the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A compound of the formula I: ##STR8## wherein: R is an aryl group selected from the group consisting of phenyl, indane, fluorene,the aryl group being substituted with at least one substituent selected from the group consisting of azido, carboxy, hydrogen, C₁₋₁₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more OH or SH, lower alkoxy, C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl, lower alkylthio, nitro, cyano, lower alkyne, lower alkene, OH, SH, carboxy lower alkyl, carboxy lower alkyl esters, amino, N-lower alkyl, N,N-dilower alkyl, and halogen; or a prodrug thereof, with the proviso that the compound is not:2-, 3- and 4-nitrophenyl N-(2-chloroethyl)carbamate and 2-, 3- and 4-methoxyphenyl N-(2-chloroethyl)carbamate.
 2. A compound according to claim 1 consisting of:-2,4-dinitrophenyl N-(2-chloroethyl)carbamate; -2-methyl N-(2-chloroethyl)carbamate; -3-methyl N-(2-chloroethyl)carbamate; -4-methyl N-(2-chloroethyl)carbamate; -2,3-dimethyl N-(2-chloroethyl)carbamate; -3,4-dimethyl N-(2-chloroethyl)carbamate; -3,4,5-trimethyl N-(2-chloroethyl)carbamate; -2,5-dimethyl N-(2-chloroethyl)carbamate; -2,4-dimethylphenyl N-(2-chloroethyl)carbamate; -3-isopropylphenyl N-(2-chloroethyl)carbamate; -4-isopropylphenyl N-(2-chloroethyl)carbamate; -4-terbutylphenyl N-(2-chloroethyl)carbamate; -2,6-dimethoxyphenyl N-(2-chloroethyl)carbamate; -2,3-dimethoxyphenyl N-(2-chloroethyl)carbamate; -4-butoxyphenyl N-(2-chloroethyl)carbamate; -2-methylphenyl N-(2-chloroethyl)carbamate; -3-methylphenyl N-(2-chloroethyl)carbamate; -4-methylphenyl N-(2-chloroethyl)carbamate; -3,4-dimethylphenyl N-(2-chloroethyl)carbamate; -2,6-dimethylphenyl N-(2-chloroethyl)carbamate; -2,3,5-trimethylphenyl N-(2-chloroethyl)carbamate; -3-methyl-4-nitrophenyl N-(2-chloroethyl)carbamate; -2-isopropylphenyl N-(2-chloroethyl)carbamate; -3-isopropylphenyl N-(2-chloroethyl)carbamate; -4-isopropylphenyl N-(2-chloroethyl)carbamate; -2-terbutylphenyl N-(2-chloroethyl)carbamate; -4-terbutylphenyl N-(2-chloroethyl)carbamate; -2-allylphenyl N-(2-chloroethyl)carbamate; -4-butoxyphenyl N-(2-chloroethyl)carbamate; -2-acetamidophenyl N-(2-chloroethyl)carbamate; -3-acetamidophenyl N-(2-chloroethyl)carbamate; -4-acetamidophenyl N-(2-chloroethyl)carbamate; -2-bromophenyl N-(2-chloroethyl)carbamate; -3-bromophenyl N-(2-chloroethyl)carbamate; -4-bromophenyl N-(2-chloroethyl)carbamate; -2-chlorophenyl N-(2-chloroethyl)carbamate; -3-chlorophenyl N-(2-chloroethyl)carbamate; -4-chlorophenyl N-(2-chlorethyl)carbamate; -2-fluorophenyl N-(2-chlorethyl)carbamate; -3-fluorophenyl N-(2-chlorethyl)carbamate; -4-fluorophenyl N-(2-chlorethyl)carbamate; -2-iodophenyl N-(2-chlorethyl)carbamate; -3-iodophenyl N-(2-chlorethyl)carbamate; -4-iodophenyl N-(2-chlorethyl)carbamate; -2,4,5-trichlorophenyl N-(2-chlorethyl)carbamate; -2,4,6-trichlorophenyl N-(2-chlorethyl)carbamate; -2,3,4,5,6-pentachlorophenyl N-(2-chlorethyl)carbamate; -2,4-dichloro-6-nitro N-(2-chlorethyl)carbamate; -2,3,4,5,6-pentafluorophenyl N-(2-chlorethyl)carbamate; -4-carboxyphenyl N-(2-chlorethyl)carbamate; and -3-acetamidophenyl N-(2-chloroethyl)carbamate.
 3. A compound according to claim 1, wherein the prodrug is a sulfone or a sulfoxide derivative a lower alkylthio substituent at the position selected from the 2,3, and 4 position.
 4. A composition for treating adenocarcinoma, breast cancer or leukaemia, comprising a compound according to claim 1 in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 5. A method for treating mammals with adenocarcinoma, breast cancer or leukaemia which comprises administering an effective amount of a compound according to claim
 1. 6. A compound of the formula II: ##STR9## wherein: R is an aryl group selected from the group consisting of indazole, indole and pyridine,the aryl group being substituted with at least one substituent selected from the group consisting of azido, carboxy, hydrogen, C₁₋₁₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more OH or SH, lower alkoxy, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, lower alkylthio, nitro, cyano, lower alkyne, lower alkene, OH, SH, carboxy lower alkyl, carboxy lower alkyl esters, amino, N-lower alkyl, N,N-dilower alkyl, and halogen; or a prodrug thereof.
 7. A compound of the formula III: ##STR10## wherein: R is an aryl group selected from the group consisting of indazole, indole and pyridine,the aryl group being substituted with at least one substituent selected from the group consisting of azido, carboxy, hydrogen, C₁₋₁₆ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more OH or SH, lower alkoxy, C₃₋₆ cycloalkyl, lower alkylthio, nitro, cyano, lower alkyne, lower alkene, OH, SH, carboxy lower alkyl, carboxy lower alkyl esters, amino, N-lower alkyl, N,N-dilower alkyl, and halogen; or a prodrug thereof. 